1 - Types and Type hints

Compiled vs Interpreted Language

Compiled languages: Code is translated ahead of time into machine code (via a compiler), then executed directly by the CPU → Faster runtime, errors caught earlier. Example: C, C++

Interpreted languages: Code is executed line-by-line at runtime by an interpreter. → Slower, but more flexible and easier to debug. Example: Python, JavaScript

Dynamic vs Static typing

my_var = "Hello"    # this is a string
my_var = 5          # this is an integer

limit: int = 100
name: str = "John"

# list of integers
my_list: list[int | float | bool] = [1, 2.3, True]

def verify_password(submitted_password: str, stored_harsh: str = "123456") -> bool:
    return True

In Python, a class can also be a data type:

class Car:
    def __init__(self, name: str, cost: int, brand: str):
        self.name = name
        self.cost = cost
        self.brand = brand

my_car: Car = Car("Morning", 10000, "Kia")

Python also support inferred typing.